Direct Speech (Kalimat Langsung) ialah kata-kata kalimat yang
diucapkan langsung oleh si pembicara.
Indirect Speech (Kalimat Tak Langsung) ialah kalimat yang
diucapkan untuk melaporkan kata-katansi pembicara kepada orang lain. Jadi,
Indirect Speech (Reported Speech) digunakan bila kita ingin melaporkan
kata-kata seseorang kepada orang lain secara tak langsung.
Direct & Indirect Speech
terdiri dari 3 jenis yaitu :
I.
Statement (pernyataan)
II.
Command (perintah)
III.
Question (pertanyaan)
Perubahan-perubahan yang perlu dari Direct ke Indirect Speech :
1. To be & Auxiliary Verbs
Direct - Indirect
Am/is/are - was/were
Shall/will - should/would
Can - could
May - might
Must
Have/has to - had to
Ought to
2. Time & Place (keterangan waktu
& tempat)
Direct - Indirect
Now - then
Tomorrow - the following day
next week - the following week
tonight - that night
today - that day
yesterday - the day before
last night - the night before
last week - the week before, the
precious week
here - there
this - that
these - those
3. Tenses
Direct - Indirect
Simple present - simple past
Simple past
- past perfect
Present perfect
Present continuous - past continous
Present perfect continous - past
perfect continous
Simple future - past future
I. STATEMENT (Pernyataan)
Dalam Indirect Statement kita
menggunakan kata that (bahwa) sebagai penghubung antara kalimat pengantar (introduce
phrase) dan kata-kata yang dilaporkan (reported words). Kalimat-kalimat
pengantar dalam indirect statement ialah :
He said
He said to me
that + reported words
He told me
e.g - Mary told her friends “I have been to Bali
twice.”
- Mary told her friends that she
had been to Bali twice.
-
Father said “I am going out of town tomorrow”
-
Father said that he was going out of town the following day.
-
Mary told John “my father warned me last night”
-
Mary told John that her father had arned her the night before.
Apabila kalimat pengantarnya dalam
bentuk Simple Present Tense, maka kalimat yang dilaporkan tidak mengalami
perubahan.
e.g - John says “I will go to Bandung tomorrow”
- John says that he will go to
Bandung tomorrow
- Mary says “I have seen that
film”
- Mary says that she has seen that
film.
II.
COMMAND (Perintah)
Command dibagi dalam 2 (dua) bagian yaitu :
1. Positive Command
Dalam perintah positif kita
tambahkan to di depan kalimat perintahnya, sebagai penghubung antara kalimat
pengantar dan perintah yang dilaporkan. Kalimat-kalimat pengantar dalam jenis
ini ialah :
to + infinitive
He asked me
He told me
e.g - He asked me “Open your book”
- He asked me to open my book.
-
Mary told me “Stop talking to Jane”
-
Mary told me to stop talking to Jane.
2. Negative Command
Dalam perintah negatif kita
tambahkan not to di depan perintah yang
dilaporkan.
e.g - Mary told John “Don’t
wait for me”
- Mary told John not to wait for
her.
-
I told him “Don’t mention it to anyone”
-
I told him not to mention it to anyone.
III. QUESTION (Pertanyaan)
Bila pertanyaan langsung (direct
question) menggunakan kata-kata tanya seperti ; Where, When, Why, What, Who,
How, dll, maka kata-kata tersebut digunakan sebagai penghubung dalam reported
Speech. Pertanyaan yang dilaporkan berubaha menjadi bentuk positif. Kalimat
pengantarnya ialah :
Positive Form
He asked me where
When etc.
e.g - The man asked me :
“Where do you live ?”
- The man asked me where I lived.
-
John asked Mary : “Why do you get angry with me ?”
-
John asked Mary why she got angry with him.
Bila pertanyaan langsung tidak
menggunakan kata-kata tanya, dan hanya merupakan pertanyaan dalam bentuk “Yes
& No Question”, maka kita menggunakan kata-kata if, whether (jika, apakah)
sebagai penghubung antara kalimat pengantar dan pertanyaan yang dilaporkan.
e.g - The boy asked John :
“Does Mary live near here?”
- The boy asked John if Mary lived
near there.
-
The teacher asked her : “Have you finish your homework ?”
-
The teacher asked her if he had finished her homework.
Note : Baik if maupun whether
dapat digunakan bergantian
VI.
REPORTED
SPEECH / MIXED TYPE (Jenis Gabungan)
Bila pertanyaan dan pernyataan digabung dalam
Reported Speech maka kita menggunakan kata as (karena) sebagai penghubung pada
bagian kalimat pernyataan yang dilaporkan. Dalam hal ini kalimat pernyataan
tersebut dilaporkan kemudian. Perhatikanlah contoh-contoh berikut ini :
e.g - She asked me :”What is
the time ?”, my watch has stopped.
- She asked me what the time was
as her watch had stopped.
-
Ira asked John :”what is the matter with you ?”, You don’t look well.
-
Mary asked John what the matter was with him as he didn’t look well.
-
I asked her :”How long have you been studying English ?”, Your accent is
very good.
-
I asked her how long she had been studying English as he her accent was
very good.
Bila dalam pertanyaan langsung
disertai dengan jawaban Yes dan No, maka kita menggunakan kata but sebagai
penghubung untuk jawaban No dan kata and sebagai penghubung untuk jawaban Yes.
e.g - He asked me :”Will you
go out wiith me ?” No, I won’t.
-
He asked me if I would go out with him but I said I wouldn’t.
-
Mother asked John :”Have you had lunch ?” No, I haven’t.
-
Mother asked John if he had had lunch but he said he hadn’t.
Direct
& Indirect with Auxiliaries
Perhatikan perubahan-perubahan yang perlu dari Auxiliaries
Direct -
Indirect
Was/were - had
been
Can - could
May - might
must & have to - had to
must not - wasn’t to/musn’t
needn’t - didn’t have to
e.g - Mary said :” I was sick yesterday.”
-
Mary said that she had been sick the day before.
-
The man asked me :” Can you speak English ?”
-
The man asked me if I could speak English.
Enggar Permatasari
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B. Inggris #SoftSkil
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